Indian Polity & Governance

Constitution, Parliament, judiciary, constitutional bodies, local governance, and the machinery of Indian government β€” organised topic-by-topic, with notes you can read online or download as PDF.

Each topic has notes, key facts, MCQs, PYQs and a revision box. Tap a topic to start reading β€” more topics are being added regularly.

01

Constitutional History

Government of India Acts, colonial roots of the Constitution

02

Making of the Constitution

Constituent Assembly, drafting committee, key debates

03

Preamble

Sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic

04

Union & Territory

Article 1-4, formation and reorganisation of states

05

Citizenship

Articles 5-11, Citizenship Act 1955 and amendments

06

Fundamental Rights

Articles 12-35, scope, exceptions, landmark cases

07

DPSPs

Directive Principles of State Policy, Articles 36-51

08

Fundamental Duties

Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment

09

Union Executive

President, Vice-President, Prime Minister & Council of Ministers

10

Parliament

Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, legislative procedure

11

Judiciary

Supreme Court, High Courts, judicial review

12

Constitutional Bodies

Election Commission, CAG, UPSC, Finance Commission

13

Non-Constitutional Bodies

NITI Aayog, CBI, CVC and statutory bodies

14

Local Government

73rd & 74th Amendments, Panchayati Raj, Municipalities

15

Elections

Electoral process, representation of the people acts

16

Emergency Provisions

National, President's Rule, and Financial Emergency

17

Amendments

Article 368, basic structure doctrine, key amendments

18

Important Articles

Quick-reference list of high-yield Articles

19

Important Schedules

All 12 Schedules of the Constitution, explained

20

Landmark Judgments

Kesavananda Bharati, Maneka Gandhi, and more

21

Previous Year Questions

Polity PYQs organised by topic and year

22

Governor of States

Appointment, discretionary powers, Sarkaria & Punchhi Commissions

23

Cabinet Committees & GoMs

CCS, CCEA, ACC, and Groups of Ministers

24

Parliamentary Committees

PAC, Estimates Committee, COPU and the 24 DRSCs

25

Judicial Review, Activism & PIL

Basic Structure doctrine and the rise of PIL

26

Centre-State Relations

Legislative, administrative and financial relations

27

Cooperative Societies

97th Amendment, Part IXB, and the 2021 SC ruling

28

Anti-Defection Law

Tenth Schedule, 91st Amendment, Kihoto Hollohan

29

Special Provisions for SC, ST & OBC

Reservation, NCSC, NCST, NCBC and the 50% ceiling

30

Official Language

Hindi, English, and the Eighth Schedule

31

All-India Services

IAS, IPS, IFoS β€” a common cadre for Union & States

32

Tribunals & Contempt of Court

CAT, CGIT under Art 323A/B, and the law of contempt

33

Digital Public Infrastructure

Aadhaar, UPI and the India Stack

34

Public Policy & Governance

The policy cycle and modern tools of governance

35

Social Audit Mechanisms

MGNREGA and beneficiary-driven accountability

36

Economic Reforms (LPG) & Governance

How 1991 reshaped the state's own role

Consolidated PDFs and extra materials for Polity & Governance β€” search, view online, or download.

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