How India's industrial policy shifted from licensing to liberalisation, and the push for modern infrastructure.
Before 1991, Indian industry operated under the "License Raj" — businesses needed extensive government permissions to start, expand, or diversify production. The 1991 reforms dismantled most industrial licensing, opened many sectors to private and foreign investment, and reduced the number of industries reserved exclusively for the public sector.
Launched from 2020 onward, PLI schemes offer financial incentives to companies based on incremental sales/production in target sectors (electronics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and more), aiming to boost domestic manufacturing and reduce import dependence.
Launched in 2014, this initiative aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub by easing regulations, improving infrastructure, and attracting foreign direct investment across 25+ identified sectors.
The National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP), launched in 2019-20, is a multi-year plan identifying infrastructure projects across energy, roads, railways, and urban development, aiming to mobilise large-scale public and private investment.
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