Science & Technology

📡 Technology Missions, Policies & Applications

S&T Policy: India's Science, Technology & Innovation Policy and national strategic missions.
Space Technology: India's launch vehicles (PSLV, GSLV, LVM3), recent satellite launches and applications, and ISRO's science missions (Chandrayaan, Aditya-L1, Gaganyaan programme).
Defence Technology: DRDO's structure, vision and mission, key technologies developed, and the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).
ICT: the National Policy on Information Technology, the Digital India Mission and its initiatives, e-Governance programmes, and cyber security concerns under the National Cyber Security Policy.
Nuclear Technology: India's nuclear reactors and power plants, applications of radioisotopes, and India's civil nuclear programme.

⚡ Energy Management

India's installed energy capacity and demand, the National Energy Policy, the National Policy on Biofuels, Bharat Stage (BS) emission norms, and the distinction and installed capacities of non-renewable vs renewable energy sources, along with recent renewable energy initiatives and achievements.

🌱 Ecosystem, Biodiversity & Environment

Basic concepts of ecology and ecosystems (components and types), biodiversity (meaning, components, India's biodiversity hotspots, causes of biodiversity loss, and conservation methods/protocols), wildlife conservation under CITES, biosphere reserves, and India's wildlife conservation acts and initiatives.

♸️ Waste Management & Pollution Control

Classification and disposal/management methods for solid waste, types/sources/impacts of environmental pollution, India's pollution control regulations and recent initiatives, the impact and regulation of transgenics (GM crops) on the environment, eco-friendly agricultural technologies, and bioremediation methods.

🌡️ Environment, Climate & Public Health

Global warming, climate change, acid rain, ozone layer depletion and ocean acidification as environmental challenges; India's participation in international climate protocols/conventions; the concept and goals of Sustainable Development (including the SDGs); and recent trends in India's disease burden, epidemic/pandemic preparedness, healthcare delivery outcomes, and public health initiatives.

💡 Key Facts

Science & Technology is paired with Indian & AP Economy in Mains Paper II.
Current developments — recent ISRO launches, biotech breakthroughs, new energy schemes — matter as much as static science; treat this section as current-affairs-linked.
DRDO's IGMDP and its constituent missile systems are a recurring specific-fact question area.
Biodiversity hotspots, CITES, and biosphere reserves are frequently tested together as a conservation-framework cluster.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) increasingly appear as a bridge topic between Science & Tech and Economy sections.

🔖 60-Second Revision

Tech missions: space (ISRO), defence (DRDO/IGMDP), ICT/Digital India, nuclear.
Energy: installed capacity, National Energy Policy, renewables push.
Biodiversity: hotspots, CITES, biosphere reserves, conservation acts.
Pollution/waste: solid waste rules, transgenics regulation, bioremediation.
Climate & health: global warming, SDGs, disease burden, public health schemes.