The Constitution's philosophical core — the Preamble, the justiciable Fundamental Rights, and the non-justiciable Directive Principles that guide the state.
The Preamble declares India a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic securing Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity for its citizens — the words 'Socialist' and 'Secular' were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976). The Supreme Court in Kesavananda Bharati (1973) held the Preamble is part of the Constitution and can itself be amended, but not to alter the Basic Structure.
Part III guarantees six categories of Fundamental Rights: Right to Equality (14-18), Right to Freedom (19-22), Right against Exploitation (23-24), Right to Freedom of Religion (25-28), Cultural and Educational Rights (29-30), and Right to Constitutional Remedies (32) — Dr. Ambedkar called Article 32 the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution since it lets citizens approach the Supreme Court directly to enforce these rights.
Part IV's Directive Principles of State Policy (Art 36-51) are non-justiciable guidelines directing the state toward welfare goals — economic and social democracy, since Fundamental Rights alone secure only political democracy. The 42nd Amendment (1976) also added Part IVA with 11 Fundamental Duties (Art 51A) for citizens, inspired by the erstwhile USSR's constitution.
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