The major international agreements shaping how countries — including India — commit to environmental protection and climate action.
The Kyoto Protocol (1997) was the first treaty setting binding emission-reduction targets, but only for developed countries — reflecting the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR). The Paris Agreement (2015) replaced this with a more universal approach: all countries submit voluntary Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), aiming to keep global warming well below 2°C, ideally 1.5°C, above pre-industrial levels.
The Montreal Protocol (1987) phased out ozone-depleting substances (CFCs) and is widely regarded as the most successful global environmental treaty, credited with the ongoing recovery of the ozone layer. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992), agreed at the Rio Earth Summit, addresses conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair sharing of benefits from genetic resources — supplemented by the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022).
APPSC tests treaty years, what each one targets (Kyoto/Paris = climate, Montreal = ozone, CBD = biodiversity), and the CBDR principle — this pairs naturally with the Climate Commitments & NAPCC page already on this site.
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